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The Battle of Tong Pass, also known as the Battle of Weinan,〔"Weinan" means "south of the Wei (River)". Much of the fighting in the battle took place at the southern bank of the Wei River.〕 was fought between the warlord Cao Cao and a coalition of forces from Guanxi (west of Hangu Pass) from March to September 211 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. The battle was initiated by Cao Cao's western expansion, which triggered uprisings in Guanxi. Cao Cao scored a decisive victory over the Guanxi coalition and established a hold of the Guanzhong region. ==Background== Before the end of the Han dynasty, the warlord Ma Teng commanded a sizable army in the northwestern frontiers of China that threatened the North China Plain controlled by Cao Cao. When Cao Cao finished his unification of northern China in 207, he wished to turn south to attack the warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan; so to avoid being attacked from behind, Cao Cao appointed Ma Teng as an official and summoned him to Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei). Ma Teng and some of his family members were effectively held hostage to prevent Ma Teng's son, Ma Chao, from invading Cao Cao's territory. Cao Cao's southern expedition did not go well; however, as he was defeated by the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208. He soon turned his attention west instead, with the intention to invade the Guanzhong region. In the third lunar month of 211, Cao Cao ordered Zhong Yao to lead an army to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and sent Xiahou Yuan to lead another force from Hedong to support Zhong Yao.〔(張魯據漢中，三月，遣鍾繇討之。公使淵等出河東與繇會。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 1.〕 Gao Rou cautioned Cao Cao against such a move, saying that sending troops west could draw suspicion from the warlords in the area and cause them to revolt.〔(太祖欲遣鍾繇等討張魯，柔諫，以為今猥遣大兵，西有韓遂、馬超，謂為己舉，將相扇動作逆，宜先招集三輔，三輔苟平，漢中可傳檄而定也。繇入關，遂、超等果反。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 24.〕 Around the time, the various warlords in the Guanzhong region were afraid that Cao Cao wanted to attack them, because Zhong Yao's army would pass by Guanzhong on the way to Hanzhong. As soon as Zhong Yao's army entered Guanzhong, the warlords, under the leadership of Ma Chao and Han Sui, formed a coalition (known as the "Guanxi Coalition", or "coalition from the west of Tong Pass") and rebelled against the Han imperial court.〔(是時關中諸將疑繇欲自襲，馬超遂與韓遂、楊秋、李堪、成宜等叛。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 1.〕 The warlords included Hou Xuan (侯選), Cheng Yin (程銀), Yang Qiu, Li Kan (李堪), Zhang Heng (張橫), Liang Xing, Cheng Yi (成宜) and Ma Wan (馬玩). The coalition comprised a mixture of Han Chinese, Qiang and Hu soldiers. Many counties in the area joined the uprising. Some civilians escaped to Hanzhong via Ziwu Valley (子午谷) to avoid the chaos of war. In response, Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to resist the coalition at Tong Pass (潼關; in present-day Tongguan County, Weinan, Shaanxi) and gave strict orders to his generals to refrain from engaging the enemy.〔(遣曹仁討之。超等屯潼關，公勑諸將：「關西兵精悍，堅壁勿與戰。」) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 1.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Tong Pass (211)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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